The Financial Sector Is A Crucial Part Of Society s...

The financial sector is a crucial part of society’s critical infrastructure. Commerce drives our daily functions in acquiring necessities as well as desires. The debate for what is a necessity versus desire is not my point, but the reliance we have on the financial sector in order to function is. Since the days of bartering have been replaced with a monetary system in addition to technological advances, we have become as dependent upon the financial system as we are on oxygen. Accumulation of wealth has always been a driving factor since the financial system’s inception. In the past, bank robberies were the major concern as such notorious robbers as Jessie James along with Bonnie and Clyde were infamous for their robbing sprees. However, today’s bank robberies are less likely to be done in the physical nature with advances in technology. Malware plus Spyware are now the threat to financial security in personal and commercial capacities. The financial sector has experienced enormous change over the past few decades. Evaluating the changes that have transpired over the last 40 years is amazing. Transformation of the industry began in the 1970’s when the Federal Reserve announced the U.S. dollar was moving away from the gold standard and has culminated today with the latest technological applications. Henceforth, the ways financial transactions take place have forever changed (LoÃŒ pez, Setola, Wolthusen, 2012, p. 300-302). Justifiably, the financialShow MoreRelatedThe Purpose Of A National Cybersecurity Strategy1421 Words   |  6 Pageshave become integral part of our daily life. Society, businesses, government and national defense depend entirely on the well-functioning of information technology and information infrastructures, communication, transportation, e-commerce, emergency services and financial services depend on the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information streaming these infr astructures. As our society become more reliable on IT, the availability and protection of these crucial facilities are increasinglyRead MoreInterview Paper : Urban Conflict And Peacebuilding1519 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping at a remarkable pace. Vast parts of these urban centres are situated in fragile states developing out of conflicts. Subsequently, it is of critical significance to comprehend particulars of urban peacebuilding and what strategies is viable in avoiding conflicts and making peace in urban space________________________________________ Summary ï‚ § Huge number of the masses living in violent urban areas characterised by instability, an absence of infrastructure and access to basic services, violenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Donaldsons Notion Of An Ethical Wealth Of Nations1190 Words   |  5 Pagesbut must be fully interwoven in the institutional fabric of the society. 3. The moral education of future business leaders should be focused on instilling in them a mindset comprising of a sense of responsibility for advocating and preserving the ethical character of society’s institutions. After a critical analysis of the essay, I stand in agreement with the major points. In addition, I feel that it is the moral education in society which is the founding stone of economic prosperity of nationsRead MoreComparing Cyberwarfare And Private Sectors1438 Words   |  6 Pagesusually online-based attacks often used in order to steal data, disrupt servers or even paralyse financial systems. These actions are often conducted by organizations or nations seeking for a specific goal in mind such as, power and money. Moreover, these â€Å"goals† are also seen as the motivations behind the attacks, notably, these motivations are often connected to military, hacktivism and private sectors. The two most common methods used by the military all over the world are sabotage and espionageRead MoreUsing the Cultural Dimensions Explored in Module 1, Discuss Some of the Ways in Which Australian and New Zealand Citizens Are Members of Cultures or Clusters That Are Different from the Clu sters in Indonesia (About 8004416 Words   |  18 Pagestheir formal titles such as Doctors or Professors, this in contrast, the high power distance culture in Indonesia indicates the very high degree in which less powerful individuals accept the distribution of imbalanced authority in organizations or societies (Hofstede, 2001 cited by Chan et.al., 2003). Individualism/Collectivism Individualism in which Australia and New Zealand score very high at 90 and 79 respectively, in general people are deemed responsible for themselves and very strong focus onRead MoreUsing the Cultural Dimensions Explored in Module 1, Discuss Some of the Ways in Which Australian and New Zealand Citizens Are Members of Cultures or Clusters That Are Different from the Clusters in Indonesia (About 8004410 Words   |  18 Pagestheir formal titles such as Doctors or Professors, this in contrast, the high power distance culture in Indonesia indicates the very high degree in which less powerful individuals accept the distribution of imbalanced authority in organizations or societies (Hofstede, 2001 cited by Chan et.al., 2003). Individualism/Collectivism Individualism in which Australia and New Zealand score very high at 90 and 79 respectively, in general people are deemed responsible for themselves and very strong focus on individualRead MoreDeveloping A Clean Water And Sanitation1845 Words   |  8 Pagesindustrial experience Personal tutor: Dr Dexter Hunt EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This report highlights the significance of engineers in providing some of the world’s most critical developments: piped infrastructure and treatment plants. It is made apparent throughout the report that providing potable water and sanitation, via these piped infrastructures and treatment plants, is vital for tackling some of the biggest challenges the world faces. This includes tackling poverty, pollution and water-borne diseasesRead MoreThe Center For Urban Sustainable Planning4449 Words   |  18 Pageslow- to mid-range developing countries and assist them in developing urban systems that serve industry, tourism, and provide opportunities for the urban poor. Our areas of expertise include urban planning, tenure rights, economic development, infrastructure, environmentally friendly development, social engagement, poverty reduction, zoning codes, legislation, and residential housing focused on provision of adequate housing for the urban poor. The CUSP mission is to ensure that city planners, governmentRead MoreGDP Comparison of India and China3219 Words   |  13 Pages2010) The major factors influencing China’s economic growth is exports. Exports of goods and services contributed around 26% in 2009 while the agricultural sector contributing only 10% of its GDP. China’s policy makers decided to move from their traditional agricultural economy to world’s manufacturing hub. This very step of theirs in early 1980’s helped them in their rapid economic growth making their presence felt in the world. The projected real GDP for this year is expected to be around 10.5% accordingRead MoreThe Effect of Globalisation on the Development of Underdeveloped1 Economies7888 Words   |  32 PagesGlobalisation constitutes a critical motivation for development in the contemporary world of today as a result of the challenges it poses to nation states. The equation of global influence is fundamentally determined by a vibrant economy that is characterised by inherent ability to sustain a steady state growth path and development. Theories of econom ic growth (both neoclassical and endogenous models) converge on the fact that technology is the driving force of economic growth. The crucial factor in global

Superposed Community Essay - 815 Words

â€Å"Dat Talk† What is a speech community? This may be a question asked by many. A Speech community is a group of people who share the same norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Everyone belongs to some type of speech community based on their demographic background, race, or age. Every day I use words that may only be acceptable and understood by the people included in my speech community. Depending on the place or scenario my words may slightly be altered to adjust to the speech community I am entering. When I’m with my friends a normal conversation may go, â€Å"what’s good bro?† meaning what is going on or how are you doing? â€Å"You at the crib bro?† a phrase used to know if one of our friends is at his place of residence. In my†¦show more content†¦I feel that slang and language itself has come a long way. There was a day where I asked an elderly lady at my job if she knew what molly was she explained with a confused face that she didn’t. I told her that molly was the street name for the drug ecstasy. She then told me that when she was my age they called it ex or the love drug I had never heard of the love drug before. This is an example of how words used are change based on your age, race, or norm of that ti me period. I feel that race has a lot to do with the words people use this day in age; for example an African American may call his house a crib and a European American may call it his home. In many cases, people would call this speaking in ebonics. Some words that my speech community use are widely used by others around the same age, and that is also a factor of the drastic change in word development. When a member of my group hears an elder use slang younger people use it’s amusing I feel like the older generation is stepping out of their norm when it comes to staying up to date with the new slang. There are a few older people who catch on to the lingo my group and I use, and try to incorporate it into their lives to feel young ,and keep up with the norms of the constant changing world. During our daily lives the members of my speech community seem to know what slang to use during a certain situation. I belong to a few speech communities, but my friends seemShow MoreRela tedSpeech Communities1429 Words   |  6 PagesMerriam-Webster Dictionary a speech community is defined as a socially distinct group that develops a dialect; a variety of language that diverges from the national language in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. Gumperz, Dorian, Fishman, Labov, Hymes, and Corder helped define a speech community. This essay will touch on the basis of multiple aspects of a speech community depending on their similarities and differences as well as how the concepts of these speech communities relate to such articles writtenRead MoreDiglossia1349 Words   |  6 Pagesstandard or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any section of the community for ordinary conversation. (Ferguson, Charles (1959). Diglossia. Word 15: 325–340.) Language is a veryRead MoreIslam s Influence On Islam2245 Words   |  9 Pagesfirst groups of people were the Umayyads, who went to Spain and Damascus and altered the building of certain monuments. In Cordoba, Spain, the Umayyads conquered the land under the new Umayyad dynasty founded by Abd al Rahman, and diversified the community with their sciences, culture and tradition. Abd al-Rahman was a surviving member of the Umayyad family line, and once he conquered Cordoba with the help of the Syrians, the proclaimed the Umayyad empire independent which lasted for over two hundredRead MoreSpread Of Islam : Worldwide Architecture Essay1861 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst groups of people were the Umayyads, who went to Spain and Morocco and altered the building of certain monuments. In Cordoba, Spain, the Umayyads conquered the land under the new Umayyad dynasty founded by Abd al Rahman, and diversified the community with their sciences, culture and tradition. Abd al-Rahman was a survivin g member of the Umayyad family line, and once he conquered Cordoba with the help of the Syrians, the proclaimed the Umayyad empire independent which lasted for over two hundredRead MoreLanguage Planning and Language Development4062 Words   |  17 Pageswhich account for regional linguistic differences even where a single language is dominant. In the past, linguists assumed a uniform and invariant structure of language. At the present moment it is generally accepted that the speech matrix of a community is constituted of varieties of varieties of the language. These are generally treated under rubrics of style, register, dialect, sociolect, etc. While in a single dominant language society, the different varieties tend to have specialised functions

Ritz-Carlton free essay sample

Through this, the company achieved the company’s long-term vision. The company had a formal strategic process that sets business directions. Ritz-Carlton hotel believed that achieving their customer’s satisfaction need this Gold standards that would be their benchmark on their business in providing service in every client or customers. They give attention to employee performance, where, they were aggressively communicated thru their information technology and internalized at all levels of the organization. The employees were allowed to think and act independently with innovation for both internal and external benefit.By the regular reviews that the company conducting to ensure its consistency of good quality service and then achieving this Gold Standards, the company learned much more of information. Ritz-Carlton Hotel discovered the rate of turnover was high. Thus, the company looked for the rational and actions to prevent the increase. The Ritz-Carlton had a process to overcome cultural resistance to change. We will write a custom essay sample on Ritz-Carlton or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well, employee satisfaction issues were resolved which made the company’s exceeded its benchmark, from decision making, empowerment, communication up to teamwork.Those changes and giving value to the employees made the company into the top having the Baldrige Award for the second time. The customer’s satisfaction been met which exceed a significant margin resulted an increase in their total revenue, thus, Return of Investment (ROI) improved. As well, the application process became much faster. The Ritz-Carlton’s Gold Standards made value a lot to its success. It not just met its mission and vision as a company, which was to provide excellent service for customer’s satisfaction but also resolved its other issues concerning even about its employees satisfaction. This made Ritz-Carlton realize more the value of a single idea and quality improvement effort. What must the company do to reduce job offer processing time so dramatically? 2. What must a company do to reduce job offer processing time dramatically? Most of the companies were very much focus only to customers of how to make them satisfied, believing that it would bring the company to excellence. It’s hard to produce an excellent output having a poor input, because how could a company produce or provide a high quality products or service if the inputs that who will be producing or providing are neglected.The Ritz-Carlton was so good to give importance in the role of each employees in the achieving its company’s goals. Not a doubt that Ritz-Carlton succeeded in achieving its goal, because the company did their mission together with its employees. Giving them attention in training them, evaluating, and making them responsible in company’s success were became good way s on their quality improvement. As well, the job offer processing made possible to make it to 1-day processing from previously 21 days in three years. Reducing this time of processing needs focus on employees.

Shweta Kataria Essays - Literature, British Poetry, Poetry

Shweta Kataria Ms. Hannah Varkey British Romantic Literature 29 th March 2017 Samuel Taylor Coleridge: William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge is often discussed in association with his peer, William Wordsworth. This is due in part to their friendship and joint ventures on works such as Lyrical Ballads . Although he is often paired with his counterpart Wordsworth, there are several differences in Coleridge's poetic style and philosophical views. Coleridge's poetry differs from that of Wordsworth, and his association with Wordsworth overshadows Coleridge's individual accomplishments as a Romantic poet. Coleridge's poetry complicates experiences that Wordsworth views as very simple and very common place. Samuel Taylor Coleridge has a poetic diction unlike that of William Wordsworth, he relies more heavily on imagination for poetic inspiration, and he also incorporates religion into his poetry differently. Coleridge's different views, combined with his opium addiction, led to an eventual breach in his friendship with Wordsworth. Despite any difference, the two poets were compatible because they were both "preoccupied with imagination, and both used verbal re ference in new ways" . In 1798 the publication of their joint effort, Lyrical Ballads , signified the height of their relationship. This came at a time when they were together in Alfoxden, where they had enjoyed the simple pleasures of spending time together, discussing ideas, and devising schemes for publications. The two men were at the forefront of what is now known as the Romantic period . For Romantics, nature was the only source of real inspiration, the only place where men could truly connect to their deepest and most powerful emotions. In the rugged beauty of the Lake District , Wordsworth and Coleridge had nothing but inspiration. They began to talk of a new kind of poetry, one that relied on the reader's imagination and the honesty of simple language to evoke powerful feelings. They decided to write a collection of poetry together. Wordsworth 's job was to write poems about everyday topics; Cole ridge would tackle poems about persons and characters supernatural that were true enough to provoke in readers "that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith. Comparison of Wordsworth and C oleridge as poets of Romanticism Romanticism, generally speaking is the expression in terms of art of sharpened sensibilities and heightened imaginative feeling Emotion and imagination are the bedrock of Romanticism. Romanticism stands for freedom and liberty, and has therefore been designated as 'Liberalism in Literature'. The poetry of this age was marked by intense human sympathy and a consequent understanding of the human heart. On impulse from a vernal wood May teach you more of man of moral evil and of good Then all the sages can. - Willam Wordsworth Off, wandering mother ! peak and pine ! I have power to bid thee flee ! Off, woman, off ! this how is mine - Though thou her guardin spirit be, Off, woman off ! tis given to me. - Coleridge Wordsworth and Coleridge were the two great poets of Romanticism and it was by their joint efforts that the romantic revival in poetry was brought about during the nineteenth century. Wordsworth and Coleridge were unhappy with the decorative language of the eighteenth century poets and were completely dissatisfied with the kind of poetry that was written by the pseudo - classical poets of the eighteenth century. Both the poets felt that the type of poetry produced was neither desirable nor pleasing to the heart and soul of man. Both the poets were gifted with the qualities of imagination, sensibility and creative power of course, there were some notable differences in their temperament. Coleridge's intellect was quick, versatile, and penetrating. Wordsworth was less versatile but more deeply meditative Coleridge was idealistic and ranged for in the realms of abstract thought and Wordsworth though he changed them by the imagination, sought his inspiration among the things of everyday life. The first piece of work of their close association was the 'Lyrical Ballads'. Their joint venture brought about a transformation in poetry and introduced a new way in poesy thought. Studying the Lyrical Ballads shows some similarities and contrasts in the outlook of Wordsworth and Coleridge as poets. William Wordsworth studied the simple

How to Conjugate Rêver (to Dream) in French

How to Conjugate Rà ªver (to Dream) in French When you want to say she is dreaming or we dreamed in French, youll use the verb  rà ªver. Its a simple word to commit to memory, though youll also need to know its conjugations in order to place it into the present or past tense. A quick lesson will introduce you to the essential forms of  rà ªver  youll need. The Basic Conjugations of  Rà ªver Rà ªver is a regular -er verb, which means that its among the easiest French verb conjugations youll find. This group contains the majority of the languages verbs and applies the same endings to each verb stem. That makes each new word you study just a little easier than the previous one. The stem (or radical) of  rà ªver  is  rà ªv-. Knowing that, you can then use the chart to learn which ending needs to be applied to fit both the subject pronoun and the tense of your sentence. As an example,  je rà ªve  means I am dreaming and  nous rà ªverons  means we will dream. Present Future Imperfect je rve rverai rvais tu rves rveras rvais il rve rvera rvait nous rvons rverons rvions vous rvez rverez rviez ils rvent rveront rvaient The Present Participle of  Rà ªver Like all regular verbs, rà ªvers  present participle  is formed with an -ant  ending. This produces the word  rà ªvant, which may also become a noun or adjective in some situations. Rà ªver  in the Compound Past Tense The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common compound past tense that uses the  past participle  rà ªvà ©Ã‚  to indicate that the act of dreaming has already happened. To form it, you will also need the  auxiliary verb avoir, which needs to be conjugated into the subjects present tense. This will result in short phrases such as  jai rà ªvà ©Ã‚  for I dreamt and  nous avons rà ªvà ©Ã‚  for we dreamt. More Simple Conjugations of  Rà ªver Among the other simple conjugations youll want to memorize for rà ªver are the subjunctive and the conditional. The former says the dreaming may or may not happen while the latter says its dependent on something else. If you do much reading or writing in French,  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are definitely good to know. These are formal literary tenses that youll want to at least be able to recognize. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je rve rverais rvai rvasse tu rves rverais rvas rvasses il rve rverait rva rvt nous rvions rverions rvmes rvassions vous rviez rveriez rvtes rvassiez ils rvent rveraient rvrent rvassent The French imperative  is where all formality is dropped because its for quick and direct expressions. You also get to drop the subject pronoun when using it. Instead of  tu rà ªve, you can simplify it to  rà ªve. Imperative (tu) rve (nous) rvons (vous) rvez

The Best Question to Ask in an Interview to Impress Your Interviewer

The Best Question to Ask in an Interview to Impress Your Interviewer Every interview is a source of stress. You need to prove yourself by answering all the questions relevant to the job correctly (and well). But you also need to stand out from the crowd. While the first thing depends a bit on your field, the second is universal. Here’s the bottom line. In an interview situation, you and your future employer are both trying to figure out whether you would work effectively together. They want to know whether you will succeed in the position. You do too! So how do you find out? Try asking the following when it comes time for you to ask â€Å"whatever questions you might have†:â€Å"How would you define success for this position?†Right away, you’re going to get insider information. Your interviewer is about to spill the holy grail with juicy tidbits such as: strategies and specific skills the job requires, priorities the job demands, and the culture of the company itself.You ask this question and it will be immediately clear th at you’re taking the job and the process seriously. You’ll have expressed interest in the nuances of the job, and you’ll show off some truly snazzy communication skills while you’re at it.It won’t guarantee you’ll get the job, by any means, but it will put you in a great position to see whether you’d find it a good fit, and to prove that you should be a strong contender.

Role Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role Reflection - Essay Example The article also argues that there is no relationship between curriculum development and implementation. The article also stresses the fact that more attention should be paid to implementation of curriculum and it should be considered as important as curriculum development. Another problem that is identified in the article is related to the difference between designed curriculum and the curriculum that is followed. There are also massive communication issues that hinder the implementation of the desired curriculum. It is argued in the article that use of appropriate tools can help in better implementation of curriculum. Use of curriculum implementation monitoring system is advised by the article and it is suggested that this new system can help schools better implement their desired curriculum. The suggested system is in expensive and does not put significant stress on the school teachers and administration. The new system focuses more on communication to ensure that there is a match between the desired curriculum and curriculum that is followed. The communication will help schools remove the problems teachers face in implementation of curriculum. The role of principal is identified as the greatest in solving the problem of implementation of curriculum. The article argues that the use of new system will only help solve the problem if principals take interest and ensure that the new system is followed. Principals are also advised to do regular follow-ups with teachers to make sure that everything is running smoothly. A proper working relationship between teachers and principals can play a huge role in making sure that teachers are able to follow and implement the designed curriculum. the leadership of principal is vital, according to the article, to remove all hindrances in implementation of desired curriculum. The article is written in an academic tone and identifies a significant

Pfizer's unsuccessful takeover of AstraZeneca Case Study

Pfizer's unsuccessful takeover of AstraZeneca - Case Study Example In this regard, it is necessary to have a brief knowledge about AstraZeneca. The company is a United Kingdom (UK) based pharmaceutical company headquartered in London. AstraZeneca is also recognised among top companies in the global pharmaceutical industry. Like Pfizer, this company also have significant experience in acquisition and mergers as it has acquired and collaborated with a number of companies in recent years. The case in this paper focuses on the failed merger between Pfizer and AstraZeneca which took place in May, 2014. It was gathered from the Guardian (2014a) that the chairman of Pfizer initially approached chairman of AstraZeneca regarding merger in November 2013 while the detailed discussion took place in January, 2014. The exploratory meeting between both the companies took place in New York on January 5, 2014. It was gathered that Pfizer offered a settlement payment of  £58 billion or  £46.61 per share in its preliminary proposal to AstraZeneca. The offer also included establishment of a new holding company listed and headquartered in the US. However, AstraZeneca’s board turned down the offer concluding that Pfizer has heavily undervalued the company and its prospects. The company also questioned transaction structure and offered inversion structure of Pfizer and ultimately the proposal ended by the mid of January 2014 (International Business Times, 2014; The Telegraph, 2014; The Guardian, 2014a; 2014b). On 26 April 2014, Pfizer contacted chairman of AstraZeneca for a new discussion regarding collaboration of both the companies but AstraZeneca declined this offer. Consequently, Pfizer publicised its interest in merger with AstraZeneca on 28 April 2014. The US pharmaceutical giant revealed that they are planning to offer AstraZeneca cash and share at an attractive premium. They further added that they would move company domicile

Tristes Tropiques by Claude Levi-Strauss Essay Example for Free

Tristes Tropiques by Claude Levi-Strauss Essay Tristes Tropiques, by Claude Levi-Strauss is ostensibly a travelogue dealing with Amerindians, their native lands and their society. The actual story is more than discovery and exploration, delving into the mind of the author, a French philosopher. It is ironic that Levi-Strauss bemoans the losses that his subjects have endured when he knows that it is his society that has caused theirs to fade away. Tristes Tropiques, the Sad Tropics, relates the story of the anguish and misery caused by the introduction of Western values and mores on a non-Western group of humanity. Levi-Strauss begins this work by saying that he hates traveling and explorers.   â€Å"The first thing we see as we travel round the world is our own filth, thrown into the face of mankind,† (Levi-Strauss et al. p 24). He says that either we journey to a distant land to find the true savage, though there are precious few actually left in this world and their difference makes them impossible to know, or we are the gawking tourist looking for a reality that does not exist, if it ever did. It is this paradox that drives Levi-Strauss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Levi-Strauss agrees to a meeting with the Tarunde Indians in their village. It is to be a ceremonial gift swap in which he gets to witness first hand the structure and social order of the group. This passage is fraught with tangible fear for outsiders had been murdered there. It is a surreal episode and told with a sense of urgency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet the author goes on for pages describing a sunset at one point. Chapter after chapter delve into philosophic meandering and observations on world religions. â€Å"Or in the brief glance, heavy with patience, serenity and mutual forgiveness, that, through some involuntary understanding, one can sometimes exchange with a cat, (415) he says in closing. Perhaps there is some deep, or even metaphysical meaning to this. Or perhaps the emperor has no clothes. He takes a far too circuitous route to arrive at a vague point.          Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Levi-Strauss, C., Weightman, D. Weightman, J. Tristes Tropiques   New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Penguin Books, 1992   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yee, D.   Tristes Tropiques Claude Levi-Stauss A Book Review Retrieved 3-1-07   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from: http://dannyreviews.com/h/Tristes_Tropiques.html

Symbolism In the Oyster And The Pearl :: essays research papers

In William Saroyan's play The Oyster and the Pearl there is a lot of symbolism. The theme of the play is to take it easy and relax and life will be much happier. Harry Van Dusen is a barber that has a philosophy of "Take it easy." He tries to spread his philosophy by talking to people when he is cutting their hair. It was almost as if the haircuts were just a way of getting people in the barbershop to talk. The hats that Harry wore symbolized the attitude that he was in. The sea symbolizes life. The name of the small town that the story takes place in is called O.K.-by-the-Sea. That name symbolizes that life isn't perfect but by taking it easy it can be more fun. Vivian McCutcheon is a new school teacher that does everything "by the book." She just tries to fit in. This is symbolized by her wanting a poodle haircut. She didn't really want one but she was trying to be like everyone else. Harry knew this and that is why he would not give her the haircut. Harry's ph ilosophy is superior to Vivian's philosophy of fitting in. This is shown by how much happier Harry and everyone else that lives by his philosophy is than Vivian.All the little things in the story have symbolism too. The bottle of sea water stands for the details of life that have to be looked for. Clay and Clark Larrabee symbolize the problems and difficulties that occur in life. Two of the most important symbols in the story are the oyster and the pearl. The oyster symbolizes obstacles that must be overcome to get to hope(the pearl). Beach combing represents looking for the obstacles to get to hope. The pearl is hope. When Clay found the oyster he thought there was a pearl inside.

Forensic Science Essay

1. How are fire scenes different than regular crime scenes for investigators? Fire scenes are different than regular crime scenes because the evidence that was at the scene of the crime is most likely burned and destroyed, also the individual who committed the crime is not at the crime scene usually. This makes it hard to piece together who did it or why. You will also at the same time have to use a different type of evidence to piece together the crime, instead of the evidence at the scene of the crime. 2. What is the blast effect? The blast effect is the outward rush of gasses from the point of origin of the bomb, it can be over 7000 miles per hour or 3129.28 meters/s. It is related to Newton’s second law because the second law states that the acceleration of an object depends on the net force acting on it. 3. What are the two types of high explosives? The two types of high explosives are primary and secondary. The difference is very slight, primary explosives are easily detonated and are very sensitive to heat and friction, secondary explosives, like tnt or dynamite, are less sensitive to heat and friction. Primary explosives are usually not used in homemade bombs, because of their volatile nature. 4. What is a substrate control? Why is it done? Substrate control is an uncontaminated sample of a flammable liquid. It allows Forensic scientists to compare two samples to see whether a flammable liquid was present at the time. 5. How is the evidence from a fire scene collected? What should be avoided? Evidence from a fire scene is collected by being placed in an air-tight container to prevent the evaporation of flammable liquids. Glass cases as well as clean paint cans with airtight lids. Plastic bags should be avoided because they can produce dangerous gases when they are mixed with flammable liquids. Crit thinking q’s 1. What do you think would be the most challenging part of investigating a  fire or explosion crime scene? Why? The most challenging part of investigating a fire or explosion crime scene is probably collecting evidence, this is because there really isn’t any evidence left. Also the evidence left usually degrades quickly so forensic scientists usually have to be quick to collect the samples. 2. Do you think search warrants should be required for fire scenes? Why or why not? I do not believe warrants should be required for fire scenes because honestly what’s there really left to search, it’s not like I’m going through your house, I’m going through a scene of a fire. Although I understand why some may think you should require a warrant because of the fact that no one likes to be accused of a crime. 3. Do you think more countries should adopt the practice of putting color coded chips in explosive materials? Why or why not? I do believe that color coded chips should be used because using color coded chips can help catch criminals, also it makes it a lot easier to track where the materials go to and if they are used to make a bomb. 4. Why do you think crime scenes involving homemade bombs have increased? I think crime scenes involving homemade bombs have increased because the materials needed to make homemade bombs have been easier to get your hands on, 5. Why do you think the procedures are different from normal crime scenes to those involving fire and explosions? What benefits or challenges are there because of these different procedures? I think the procedures are different from a normal case to one involving fire and explosions, because of the amount of evidence that is left and the how dangerous the sites are even after a fire or explosive has gone off. Some of the benefits are that evidence can be collected faster because of the quicker response time.

Frankenstein: Theme of The Other

One of the greatest corresponding attributes between Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and modern day society is the prominence of appearance and acceptance in society. Throughout modern day society and the society portrayed in Frankenstein, a person is judged primarily on appearance. Social prejudices are commonly founded from appearance, ranging from skin color to weight. Perceptions are then based off of these prejudices. A person will then act a certain way towards the person the prejudices are based off of. The parallel drawn between the societies is that they are very appearance-based, which is brought to the attention in contrast of the hideous monster and the common human being. The â€Å"Other† is an individual recognized by a community as not belonging, as being unusual in an essential way that differentiates from everyone else in the group. The group or community sees itself and its members as the norm and those who differ from the norm, as the Other. Identified as lacking fundamental characteristics possessed by the group, the Other is usually always seen as lesser or inferior and treated consequently. The group defining the Other may be an entire society, a social class, a community within a society, or even a local gang. (Melani 1) The Other is not essentially a numerical minority. In a country or territory is over taken by a regal power, the more numerous natives can become the Other, for instance, the British rule in India where the native Indians outnumbered the British 4,000 to 1. (Melani 1) Likewise, women are classified and judged by men, the dominant group or persons, in relationship to themselves, so that they become the Other. Hence Aristotle states: â€Å"The female is a female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities; we should regard the female nature as afflicted with a natural defectiveness. † (Melani 1) The outsider is a term that is commonly confused with the Other, but they are not identical. The outsider may have the opportunity to be accepted by and incorporated into the group. The Other, however, is distinguished as different in kind, as lacking in some fundamental trait or traits sets the individual apart from the group. Therefore the Other is doomed forever to remain separate and desolate, to forever remain outside of the group unless the group’s outlook is subject to change. (Melani 1) In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the creature, opposed by his maker and rejected by society, exemplifies otherness. Along with the fact that he serves as a converse example of natural reproduction, the monster has an extremely grotesque appearance resulting in severe isolation and eventually leading to his implacable and callous behavior. In Frankenstein, beauty is considered a virtue of good, while deformity and ugliness are inescapably associated with evil. In many instances, the monster’s repulsiveness is equated with him being evil. After fleeing from the first sight of the conscious monster, Victor states: â€Å"I stepped fearfully in: the apartment was empty, and my bedroom was also freed from its hideous guest. I could hardly believe that so great a good fortune could have befallen me, but when I became assured that my enemy had indeed fled, I clapped my hands for joy and ran down to Clerval. (Shelley 52) Victor implies that just because the monster, that he created, is hideous, he must be his enemy. Even the creator of the beast fails to give him one chance at acceptance to society and the world. This theme only begins here. When the monster confronts the William, Victor’s youngest brother, William exclaims: â€Å"`Let me go,' he cried; `monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me and tear me to pieces. You are an ogre. Let me go, or I will tell my papa. † (Shelley 144) The monster only faces further isolation as not even the young boy will give him a chance to be accepted before concluding him a wretch. Even when the monster saves the life of a girl drowning in a river, as a result of his appearance, he is not rewarded, but shot due to assumptions made from because of his appearance. â€Å"This was then the reward of my benevolence! I had saved a human being from destruction, and as a recompense I now writhed under the miserable pain of a wound which shattered the flesh and bone. Inflamed by pain, I vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind. † (Shelley 143) The monster shows here that even when seen doing a good deed, he is still rejected by society and proclaimed evil, based off his external features. The division of beauty and repulsiveness as related to good and evil stem from the novel’s Romantic influences. The monster eventually realizes his place in the world. He begins to embrace his isolation and position as the Other. Once learning how to read, he begins to decipher Victor’s journal during the creation of the monster: â€Å"Accursed creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even YOU turned from me in disgust? God, in pity, made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid even from the very resemblance. Satan had his companions, fellow devils, to admire and encourage him, but I am solitary and abhorred. † (Shelley 131) The monster, now aware that his own creator is horrified by his existence, becomes increasingly anguished about his position in the world. â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind? You, my creator, would tear me to pieces and triumph, remember that, and tell me why I should pity man more than he pities me? † (Shelley 147) The monster, abandoned by his God and unable to find a place in the world, admits here to Victor that his callous deeds were products of his grave desolation. The monster is unable to identify his purpose of existence. â€Å"I was dependent on none and related to none. The path of my departure was free, and there was none to lament my annihilation. My person was hideous and my stature gigantic. What did this mean? Who was I? What was I? These questions continually recurred, but I was unable to solve them. † (Shelley 141) Unable to make sense of his being, he questions Victor on his purpose for life. Why was he created to live a life of such inconceivable misery? From the text, we can learn that one should never judge someone by mainly appearance but by the content of their character. Frankenstein had a loving and compassionate soul inside of his hideous exterior. Sadly, Victor had to learn this lesson the hard way through the monster’s heinous path of destruction in his hunt for revenge. Others’ are still being distinguished to this day in modern society. Others today are being distinguished by race, social class and even sexual orientation. Insiders, or those seperate of the norm in society, specifically American society, generally share uniform traits such as origin of birth and success by economic terms. (Melani 1) The Others are those who are either poor or who, in some way, do not share the general values of American society. The parallel that attractive people are more likely to be accepted in society stems from the influence from the media. The media tells society what is and what isn’t attractive. Amanda Grable writes because man lives in society and is rarely secluded, man forms the majority of its ideas of self based on comparisons made from external stimuli. (Grable 1) This external stimuli can be made up of images of ones self in comparison of images of other people. It is commonly known that the main goal of most media is centered on advertisement, or a way to win customers over to buy their products. One of the universal ways this is accomplished is through showing images of attractive, happy people using these products. A study of 4,294 network commercials revealed that 1 out of every 3. 8 commercials send some sort of â€Å"attractiveness message,† (Grable 2) With all this dependency on self image, it’s hard not to see why humans are so quick to judge solely off of appearance. People in society are always creating sets of differences to differentiate between one another; from skin color, weight or even fashion sense. Self image is the underlying back bone of society. Judgments are consistently being made on one’s appearance by every member in society. This is the parallel drawn within modern day society and the novel.

How to Present Your Content

How to Present Your Content How to Present Your Content How to Present Your Content By Mark Nichol During a drive yesterday, I noticed again two ways that, in casual contexts, people are careless about their communication. For the first time, however, I realized that unfortunately, there’s a close analogy between the way many amateur writers present information and the way some well-meaning professionals (or other serious writers) do it. First, I noticed handwritten signs posted along roadsides: advertisements for yard sales and the like. You’ve likely noticed too how poorly many of these signs are executed: The sign maker begins to scrawl some information and runs out of space, compressing a phone number or other key information so that it is barely legible. Or perhaps the penmanship is poor, and the details are illegible. Or perhaps the print is too small or too wordy (or both) to be read by someone driving by at thirty or forty or fifty miles an hour or, worse, the message is styled in cursive writing. Occasionally, a sign exhibits a combination of some or all of these problems. Second, I passed between two small groups of people wielding signs at the crossroads of a small town. There were about a dozen protestors altogether, and though I had slowed to twenty miles per hour to negotiate the narrow road, I couldn’t focus on more than a couple of words on two or three signs before I had passed them. My passenger, who was at more leisure to read the messages, learned little more than I had: The people were on strike, but where they were employed and what they were striking for remained a mystery even though each of us had a few seconds to scan the signs, because, again, the print was sloppily written or too small or both, and the message was too wordy for motorists to take in during the brief opportunity. Unfortunately, handwritten signs aren’t the only form of communication in which communication fails because of poor planning and execution. We’ve all seen professionally prepared billboards with print too small to read, newspaper and magazine advertisements dense with tightly packed wording, and websites and blogs with poor design. The takeaway is the same, whether you’re selling knickknacks at a garage sale or widgets on a website: Don’t make your readers work hard to acquire your message. Produce the content carefully: Think about how readers will engage with the content at work, at home, on public transportation, in a passing vehicle? and design it accordingly. Plan your approach, trying several layouts and deciding which one works best for the purpose. Prioritize the information: What do you want readers to see first, second, third, and so on? Write the message, adapting the tone and the appearance to the readers’ circumstances and, if space is limited, trimming the content to the essentials. Ask for critiques, and return to the product later with a fresh set of eyes, then revise according to others’ suggestions and your own realizations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfEnglish Grammar 101: Prepositions

Sun Tzu Biography

Sun Tzu Biography Sun Tzu and his Art of War are studied and quoted in military strategy courses and corporate boardrooms around the world. There’s just one problem – we aren’t sure that Sun Tzu actually existed! Certainly, someone wrote a book called The Art of War several centuries before the common era. That book has a singular voice, so it is likely the work of one author and not a compilation. That author also appears to have had significant practical experience leading troops into battle. For simplicity’s sake, we will call that author Sun Tzu. (The word Tzu is a title, equivalent to sir or master, rather than a name - this is the source of some of our uncertainty.) Traditional Accounts of Sun Tzu According to traditional accounts, Sun Tzu was born in 544 BCE, during the late Spring and Autumn Period of the Zhou Dynasty (722-481 BCE). Even the two oldest known sources about Sun Tzus life differ as to his place of birth, however. Qian Sima, in the Records of the Grand Historian, claims that Sun Tzu was from the Kingdom of Wu, a coastal state that controlled the mouth of the Yangtze River during the Spring and Autumn Period. In contrast, the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lu Kingdom state that Sun Tzu was born in the State of Qi, a more northerly coastal kingdom located approximately in modern Shandong Province. From about the year 512 BCE, Sun Tzu served the Kingdom of Wu as an army general and strategist. His military successes inspired him to write The Art of War, which became popular with strategists from all seven rival kingdoms during the Warring States Period (475-221 BCE). Revised History Down through the centuries, Chinese and then also western historians have reconsidered Sima Qians dates for Sun Tzus life. Most agree that based on the specific words he uses, and the battlefield weapons such as crossbows, and the tactics he describes, The Art of War could not have been written as early as 500 BCE. In addition, army commanders during the Spring and Summer Period were generally the kings themselves or their close relatives - there were no professional generals, as Sun Tzu appears to have been, until the Warring States Period. On the other hand, Sun Tzu does not mention cavalry, which made its appearance in Chinese warfare around 320 BCE. It seems most likely, then, that The Art of War was written sometime between about 400 and 320 BCE. Sun Tzu probably was a Warring States Period general, active about one hundred or one hundred and fifty years after the dates given by Qian Sima. Sun Tzus Legacy Whoever he was, and whenever he wrote, Sun Tzu has had a profound influence on military thinkers over the past two thousand years and more. Tradition avers that the first emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huangdi, relied on The Art of War as a strategic guide when he conquered the other warring states in 221 BCE. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 CE) in Tang China, fleeing officials brought Sun Tzus book to Japan, where it greatly influenced samurai warfare. Japans three reunifiers, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, are said to have studied the book in the late sixteenth century. More recent students of Sun Tzus strategies have included the Union officers pictured here during the American Civil War (1861-65); Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong; Ho Chi Minh, who translated the book into Vietnamese; and US Army officer cadets at West Point to this day. Sources: Lu Buwei. The Annals of Lu Buwei, trans. John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riege, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Qian Sima. The Grand Scribes Records: The Memoirs of Han China, trans. Tsai Fa Cheng, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008. Sun Tzu. The Illustrated Art of War: The Definitive English Translation, trans. Samuel B. Griffith, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Geological Structures and Physiographic Provinces of the United States Research Paper - 1

Geological Structures and Physiographic Provinces of the United States - Research Paper Example On closer examination physiographic provinces can be subdivided into physiographic sections, each being an area inside a province basically due to geographic distribution. Every section can be separated into physiographic districts, each being an area in a local landforms section. The pacific province has a number of features which include; Olympic Mountains, Puget Trough, Klamath Mountains, Oregon Coast Mountains, Los Angeles Ranges, California Coast Ranges and the California Trough. These materials provide a diversity of soils and river nutrients that originate from them. Geology differences and formation time of these ranges influence the hydrology, geomorphology, and the biology of rivers and streams which arise in individual regions (Lew, 2004). The entire pacific province mountain system has been described having been arranged in a chain. The pacific mountain’s climate is varied compared to all other regions; the annual cycle has been consistent every year. Although, extreme interannual variation occurs, leading to long drought periods and year’s extreme runoff and high rainfall for instance El Nino events. The main distinct difference between the mountain system of the Sierra Nevada and the mountain range of Cascade is that the Sierra Nevada is a tilted fault block that rises 4,420 m which is equivalent to 14500 ft high. It also supports pine and fir trees while the Cascade is marked by several stratovolcanoes, which are relatively active. The Sierra mountain system stands alone while the Cascade Mountain Range stands to be chains of mountains. The Cascade Mountain Range is still active. The coastal plain extends down the Atlantic Ocean Eastwards from the Fall Zone. Large tidal rivers, Rappahannock, James, York and the Potomac flow southeastward to the Chesapeake Bay where they empty into Atlantic Ocean. The topography is a terraced landscapes which stair-steps down into major rivers and the

Testing And Commissioning In HVAC Practices In Hong Kong Dissertation

Testing And Commissioning In HVAC Practices In Hong Kong - Dissertation Example A set of Commissioning Specifications which includes the divisions that describe the BCS document as a common requirement should be drafted by the HKBCA to curb the deficiency of practical standard. It should also concentrate on after services such as the electrical and HVAC systems. So as to handle the BCx role effectively, there will be the issuance of inspection forms and a number of checklists to certified persons. In America and the United Kingdom, BCx education and training is provided in schools, research, and development organizations, whereas in Hong Kong it is not prominent. The dissertation recommends that Hong Kong should consider prominently providing the same to schools, research, and development organization. The private sectors do not address commissioning as their main objective and there has never been a clear cooperation at different phases of commissioning between the private sector and the government in the formulation, planning, and implementation of the project s. This dissertation also suggests that there should be a clear cooperation at different phases of commissioning between the private sector and the Hong Kong government as far as the formulation, planning, and implementation of the projects is concerned. The training on the BC document is offered in academic institutions but the students are unable to fully apprehend the process because it is not exhaustive enough. There should be the amalgamation between the integration of the BCx with other building control procedures.

Destructive Leadership in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Destructive Leadership in Organisations - Essay Example The study is therefore considered as extremely important and can be highly effective in the field of research pertaining to leadership in organizations. Moreover, this study will have the ability to show the relationship between employee satisfaction and leadership styles. Hence, the study also has high value in the field of business research. On the basis of the objective of the study, the following are the research questions which will be answered by adopting suitable methodologies. The research questions are as follows: - Q1. How leadership styles are important in deciding the success of an organization? Q2. How destructive leadership abuses the employees emotionally? Q3. How destructive leadership harasses the employees of an organization? Q4. How destructive leadership affects the performance of the employees? Literature Review This section of the study will carry out a review of the literatures to be used for the study. It will mainly highlight the views or the theories propose d by the scholars previously. In this context, the literature review will be carried out with the help of books, journal articles, newspaper, magazines and authentic electronic sources. However, the main focus will be on the academic journal articles. There are only few research papers which has emphasized on the darker side of leadership or the ill effects of destructive leadership (Tepper, 2000). On the other hand, more research can be found about effective or constructive leadership (Kelloway, Mullen and Francis, 2006). According to Ashforth (1994), traditionally, research pertaining to leadership principally focused on how effective leadership help organizations to grow or what are the elements of a good leadership. Moreover,... This essay carries out a review of the literatures to be used for the study. It will mainly highlight the views or the theories proposed by the scholars previously. In this context, the literature review will be carried out with the help of books, journal articles, newspaper, magazines and authentic electronic sources. However, the main focus will be on the academic journal articles. The methodology to be adopted for a study plays a crucial role in successfully carrying out a project. The research methodology of a project is also important because it is responsible for creating the pathway of the research. This section will shed light on the research approach, and the data collection method. In addition to this, the research methodology section will also shed light on the respondents and sample size. The principal objective of the study is to uncover the impact of destructive leadership in an organization. The study also has some sub questions that tries to establish direct relationship with some elements of employee satisfaction. In order to complete the project successfully, it is essential to consider the philosophical context of the research. The study will be designed in such a way that none of the participant gets physically or emotionally hurt. The respondents can leave the study any moment without giving prior notice. The study will seek consent from the concerned authority and the participants will be also made aware about the purpose of the study.

The Three Main Goals Of Research Psychology Essay

The Three Main Goals Of Research Psychology Essay Research is the examination of a particular topic using a diversity of reliable, scholarly resources. The three main goals of research are establishing facts, analyzing information, and reaching new conclusions. The three main actions of doing research are searching for, reviewing, and assessing information. This KAM will examine the different research paradigms available for my study. The paradigms will be compared and contrasted against other research methods that are available in order to determine which the best methods to use are. There are many different paradigms available which include: the positivist/empiricist view, the constructivist/naturalist worldview and the pragmatic model. Abstract Depth There are many research paradigms and research methods available to be used by researchers depending on the nature of the study that is being undertaken. This thesis paper on the depth component explores the strengths and weaknesses of each paradigm and outlines the key research methods that can used to ensure successful use of the approach. The depth portion will include the traditional annotated bibliography addressing the research paradigms and their use in accounting research. This report employs secondary research on the internet and most of the information gleaned is from the content and literature. Additionally this paper lays the grounds for further research in research methods and their uses. Abstract Application In the application section both the breadth and depth will be brought together with other research in regards to developing or discussing uses of the different research paradigms. The breadth section of this thesis paper will lay out in detail all of the available research paradigms and how the relate to accounting research. When looking at these paradigms this paper will try to focus on the one that will be chosen for my research, and how it compares and contrasts to the rest. This paper will particularly detail the chosen research paradigm and how it relates to the concept of auditing practices and their effects on the corporate governance of a company with a conceptual focus on international accounting principles. This report employs secondary research on the internet and most of the information gleaned is from the content and literature from non-profit organizational case studies, applications and on-going research on auditing practices on an international level. Breadth Section Organizations use research, especially in market research activities. Market research is used to identify potential markets, the needs and wants of each, how those needs and wants can be met, how products and services could be packaged to be most accessible to customers and clients, the best pricing for those products and services, who the competitors are and how best to complete against each, potential collaborators and how to collaborate with each and many other applications of research. Organizations can conduct this research without having to have advanced skills (Free Management Library, n.d.). Academic research is research and development (RD) undertaken in the higher education sector, including universities, polytechnics, etc., and research centres that have close links with higher education institutions. Higher education research has grown during the past 20 years. Between 1981 and 2003, the share of RD carried out by the higher education sector increased from 14.5% to 17.4% of the total RD effortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Vincent-Lancrin, 2006, p. 170). Drivers of this growth include professionalization of the academic profession (including specialization and standardization of the trade), the importance of the quantitative research output in academic career paths and the emergence of strong external incentives to publish following the introduction of research assessment exercises in several countries. The well-known publish or perish rule is rather recent (Vincent-Lancrin, 2006). Research Paradigms A paradigm offers a theoretical framework for seeing and making sense of the social world. The implication of paradigms is that they shape how one sees the world and are reinforced by those around us and the community of practitioners. Contained by the research process the attitudes a researcher holds will reflect in the manner they research is planned, how data is both gathered and analyzed and how research results are presented. For the researcher it is significant to distinguish their paradigm, it permits them to identify their role in the research process, decide on the course of any research project and differentiate other perspectives (Methodology, n.d.). There are numerous research paradigms that are used across and within different disciplines. These include (a) the positivist/empiricist view, which supports the use of quantitative methods, (b) the constructivist/naturalist worldview, which supports the use of qualitative methods, and (c) the pragmatic model, which supports the use of quantitative, qualitative, or a combination or mix of both methods (Tashakkori Teddlie, 1998). Other paradigms that will be looked at in this paper include post-positivism and interpretivist view. Paradigms guide how we make decisions and carry out research. As a researcher, it is important to know where ones discipline belongs, that there are different ways of viewing the world and that ones approach to knowledge is one of many. Paradigms can be characterized through their: ontology (What is reality?), epistemology (How do you know something?) and methodology (How do go about finding out?). These characteristics create a holistic view of how people view knowledge: how they see themselves in relation to this knowledge and the methodological strategies they use to discover it (What is your paradigm, n.d.). Positivist/empiricist View The positivist paradigm of exploring social reality is based on the philosophical ideas of the French Philosopher August Comte. According to him, observation and reason are the best means of understanding human behaviour; true knowledge is based on experiences of sense can be obtained by observation and experiment. At the ontological level positivists assume that the reality is objectively given and is measurable using properties what are independent of the research and his or her instruments; in other words, knowledge is objective and quantifiable. Positivistic thinkers adopt scientific methods and systemize the knowledge generation process with the help of quantification to enhance precision in the description of parameters and the relationship among them. Positivism is concerned with uncovering truth and presenting it by empirical means (Research Methodology and Design, n.d.). Using scientific method and language to investigate and write about human experience is supposed to keep the research free of the values, passions, politics and ideology of the researcher. This approach to research is called positivist, or positivist-empiricist and it is the dominant one in social research. Positivist researchers believe that they can reach a full understanding based on experiment and observation. Concepts and knowledge are held to be the product of straightforward experience, interpreted through rational deduction (Ryan, n.d.). According to the positivist epistemology, science is seen as the way to get at truth, to understand the world well enough so that it might be predicted and controlled. The world and the universe are deterministic; they operate by laws of cause and effect that are discernable if we apply the unique approach of the scientific method. Thus, science is largely a mechanistic or mechanical affair in positivism. Deductive reasoning is used to postulate theories that can be tested. Based on the results of studies, we may learn that a theory does not fit the facts well and so the theory must be revised to better predict reality. The positivists believe in empiricism, the idea that observation and measurement are at the core of the scientific endeavor. The key approach of the scientific method is the experiment, the attempt to discern natural laws through direct manipulation and observation (Krauss, 2005). The social scientist must study social phenomena in the same state of mind as the physicist, chemist or physiologist when he probes into a still unexplored region of the scientific domain. Objectivity is then defined by being the same as that of natural science and social life may be explained in the same way as natural phenomena. This tradition may therefore be characterized in terms of the prediction and explanation of the behaviour of phenomena and the pursuit of objectivity, which is defined as the researchers detachment from the topic under investigation. The results of research using this method of investigation are then said to produce a set of true, precise and wide-ranging laws (known as covering laws) of human behaviour. We would then be able to generalize from our observations on social phenomena to make statements about the behaviour of the population as a whole. Positivism thus explains human behaviour in terms of cause and effect and data must then be collected on the s ocial environment and peoples reactions to it (May, 2001). In its broadest sense, positivism is a rejection of metaphysics. It is a position that holds that the goal of knowledge is simply to describe the phenomena that we experience. The purpose of science is simply to stick to what we can observe and measure. Knowledge of anything beyond that, a positivist would hold, is impossible. predict how people will behave everything else in between (like what the person is thinking) is irrelevant because it cant be measured. Positivists believe that reality is stable and can be observed and described from an objective viewpoint, without interfering with the phenomena being studied. They contend that phenomena should be isolated and that observations should be repeatable. This often involves manipulation of reality with variations in only a single independent variable so as to identify regularities in, and to form relationships between, some of the constituent elements of the social world (Positivism Post-Positivism, 2006). In empiricism knowledge is only validated through sense experience, or in more recent versions through the surrogates of scientific instrumentation (which in the social sciences would include survey questionnaires and interview data). Its importance to scientific method in the natural and social sciences lies in the centrality of emphasis placed on empirical hypothesis testing. Thus if we formulate a hypothesis such as industrialization leads to worker alienation, this is only meaningful if it can be verified empirically; anything less is metaphysical speculation. Moreover empiricists (unlike realists) eschew claims of causal necessity, because (after Hume) it is maintained that although event A may precede event B in time, we cannot be sure A brought about B. In social science this principle is exemplified by the social survey where the strength and direction of association between variables is expressed, but no necessary function claimed (Williams, 2006). Post- Positivism Post-positivism is a wholesale rejection of the central tenets of positivism. A post-positivist might begin by recognizing that the way scientists think and work and the way we think in our everyday life are not distinctly different. Scientific reasoning and common sense reasoning are essentially the same process. There is no difference in kind between the two, only a difference in degree. Scientists, for example, follow specific procedures to assure that observations are verifiable, accurate and consistent. In everyday reasoning, we dont always proceed so carefully (Positivism Post-Positivism, 2006). Constructivist/Naturalist Worldview Constructionism is a perspective that considers facts, descriptions and other features of objective reality to be inescapably contingent and rhetorical. This is a more recent formulation of constructionism (without the social) which follows the traditional view of social constructionism as a perspective wherein people are seen as produced (constructed) through social interaction rather than through genetic programming and biological maturation (Hepburn, 2006). Naturalism is the hypothesis that the natural world is a closed system in the sense that nothing that is not a part of the natural world affects it. More simply, it is the denial of the existence of supernatural causes. In rejecting the reality of supernatural events, forces, or entities, naturalism is the antithesis of supernaturalism (Augustine, 2012). The naturalist or constructivist view says that knowledge is established through the meanings attached to the phenomena studied; researchers interact with the subjects of study to obtain data; inquiry changes both researcher and subject; and knowledge is context and time dependent (Krauss, 2005). Constructivists maintain that scientific knowledge is constructed by scientists and not discovered from the world. Constructivists argue that the concepts of science are mental constructs proposed in order to explain sensory experience. Another important tenet of Constructivist theory is that there is no single valid methodology in science, but rather a diversity of useful methods. Constructivism is opposed to positivism, which is a philosophy that holds that the only authentic knowledge is based on actual sense experience and what other individuals tell us is right and wrong (Guba Lincoln, 1994). Pragmatic View The pragmatic approach to science involves using the method which appears best suited to the research problem and not getting caught up in philosophical debates about which is the best approach. Pragmatic researchers therefore grant themselves the freedom to use any of the methods, techniques and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative research. They recognize that every method has its limitations and that the different approaches can be complementary. The pragmatic approach to science involves using the method which appears best suited to the research problem and not getting caught up in philosophical debates about which is the best approach. Pragmatic researchers therefore grant themselves the freedom to use any of the methods, techniques and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative research. They recognize that every method has its limitations and that the different approaches can be complementary. Being able to mix different approa ches has the advantages of enabling triangulation. Triangulation is a common feature of mixed methods studies. It involves, for example: the use of a variety of data sources (data triangulation) the use of several different researchers (investigator triangulation) the use of multiple perspectives to interpret the results (theory triangulation) the use of multiple methods to study a research problem (methodological triangulation) (The four main approaches, 2012). Research is a necessary ingredient for a knowledge-based society, which includes a knowledge-based economy and its growth. A professional publication process is indispensable for the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of knowledge through further, innovative research. These goals of publishing are best reached by means of an open access publishing business model. It is essential that open access becomes the standard and does not remain the exception. Open access publishing should become a requirement for publicly funded research. In order to make open access publishing a success, the enthusiastic cooperation of the professional publishing companies active on the market is highly desirable (Engelend, 2011). Interpretivist View Interpretive researchers believe that reality consists of peoples subjective experience of the external world; thus, they may adopt an inter-subjective epistemology of the ontological belief that reality is socially constructed. Some believe that interpretivists are anti-foundationalists who believe that there is no single correct route or particular method to knowledge. It has also been argued that in the interpretive tradition there are no correct or incorrect theories. Instead, they should be judged according to how interesting they are to the researcher as well as those involved in the same areas. They attempt to derive their constructs from the field by an in-depth examination of the phenomenon of interest. Interpretivists assume that knowledge and meaning are acts of interpretation, hence there is no objective knowledge which is independent of thinking, reasoning humans (Research Methodology and Design, n.d.). The interpretivist research paradigm emphasizes qualitative research methods, which are flexible, context sensitive and largely concerned with understanding complex issues. Researchers widely debate how the trustworthiness of interpretivist research efforts is evaluated. Positivist researchers, who emphasize the issues of validity, reliability and generalizability, often regard qualitative research methods as unscientific. Several researchers suggest new criteria for evaluating qualitative enquiry and many different approaches to evaluating qualitative research have been discussed in the literature (Carcary, 2009). In the interpretivist paradigm, the researcher is not perceived as being entirely objective; rather he/she is a part of the research process. Interpretivism recognizes the difficulty in making research value-free and objective. In terms of this view, a single objective reality does not exist. The social world does not lend itself to being understood by physical-law-like rules. Multiple realities need to be considered. These include an external reality, which is what actually occurred in the physical world, and internal realities, which are subjective and unique to each individual. Because each situation is different, the researcher needs to delve below the surface of its details to understand the reality. The meaning derived by the researcher is a function of the circumstances, the people involved and the broad interrelationships in the situations being researched (Carcary, 2009). The interpretivist paradigm emphasizes qualitative research methods where words and pictures as opposed to numbers are used to describe situations. In qualitative research, the researcher is actively involved and attempts to understand and explain social phenomena in order to solve what Mason (2002:18) calls the intellectual puzzle. It relies on logical inference (Hinton et al, 2003) and is sensitive to the human situation as it involves dialogue with informants. In general, the researcher collects large quantities of detailed evidence. Thus, qualitative research may achieve depth and breadth. Further, qualitative methods are useful when the researcher focuses on the dynamics of the process and requires a deeper understanding of behaviour and the meaning and context of complex phenomena. It is the most appropriate approach for studying a wide range of social dimensions, while maintaining contextual focus (Mason, 2002). Conducting qualitative research requires considerable reflection on the researchers part, and the ability to make a critical assessment of informants comments. It involves debating the reasons for adopting a course of action, challenging ones own assumptions and recognizing how decisions shape the research study (Carcary, 2009). Once a paradigm for research is chosen one must then decide on which research methods to employee in order to conduct their research. There are three different types of research methods that are available to those who are undergoing research. These include: quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. These methods will now be explored in great detail throughout the rest of this paper. There have always been important differences between the research findings derived from quantitative research and those of qualitative research. The two methodologies have different approaches and their intended goals are not the same. In many ways, they also have competing visions of what constitutes truth. Despite these differences, however, the two methodologies often work in effective symbiosis with each other and each brings to the other a level of understanding that it would not otherwise achieve (Barnham, 2012). Quantitative Research Research involving the collection of data in numerical form for quantitative analysis. The numerical data can be durations, scores, counts of incidents, ratings, or scales. Quantitative data can be collected in either controlled or naturalistic environments, in laboratories or field studies, from special populations or from samples of the general population. The defining factor is that numbers result from the process, whether the initial data collection produced numerical values, or whether non-numerical values were subsequently converted to numbers as part of the analysis process, as in content analysis (Garwood, 2006). Quantitative research tends to be associated with the realist epistemology, the approach to knowledge that maintains that the real world exists, is directly knowable (although not necessarily at this moment) and that the real world causes our experiences. That is, real things exist, and these can be measured, and have numerical values assigned as an outcome measure, and these values are meaningful. These values can only be meaningful if researchers accept some of the criteria associated with the positivist standpoint (Garwood, 2006). Gaining numerical materials facilitates the measurement of variables and also allows statistical tests to be undertaken. For example, descriptive statistics can be used to illustrate and summarize findings, detect relationships between variables, as in correlation coefficient values, or inferential statistical analysis can be undertaken to establish the effects of different interventions, as in analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance. Interactions between variables can also be investigated within experimental designs and also as part of the analysis of data from surveys or secondary sources. Changes over time can be more easily tracked using quantitative methods, as measures of the same properties can be taken at several points during an intervention (Garwood, 2006). Quantitative studies provide data that can be expressed in numbers-thus, their name. Because the data is in a numeric form, we can apply statistical tests in making statements about the data. These include descriptive statistics like the mean, median, and standard deviation, but can also include inferential statistics like t-tests, ANOVAs, or multiple regression correlations (MRC). Statistical analysis lets us derive important facts from research data, including preference trends, differences between groups, and demographics (McClain, 2012). Quantitative research design is the standard experimental method of most scientific disciplines. These experiments are sometimes referred to as true science, and use traditional mathematical and statistical means to measure results conclusively. They are most commonly used by physical scientists, although social sciences, education and economics have been known to use this type of research. It is the opposite of qualitative research. Quantitative experiments all use a standard format, with a few minor inter-disciplinary differences, of generating a hypothesis to be proved or disproved. This hypothesis must be provable by mathematical and statistical means, and is the basis around which the whole experiment is designed. Randomization of any study groups is essential, and a control group should be included, wherever possible. A sound quantitative design should only manipulate one variable at a time, or statistical analysis becomes cumbersome and open to question. Ideally, the research should be constructed in a manner that allows others to repeat the experiment and obtain similar results (Shuttleworth, 2008). Qualitative Research Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. Qualitative research consists of a set of interpretive, mate ­rial practices that make the world visible. These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, record ­ings, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempt ­ing to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the mean ­ings people bring to them (Denzin Lincoln, 2011, p.3) Qualitative research is not a single set of theoretical principles, a single research strategy or a single method. It developed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, across a range of disciplines, on varied and sometimes conflicting philosophical and theoretical bases, including cultural anthropology, interpretive sociologies (such as symbolic interactionism), phenomenology and, more recently, hermeneutics, critical theory, feminism, post-colonial theory, cultural studies, post-structuralism and postmodernism. These diverse approaches inevitably give rise to substantial differences and disagreements about the nature of qualitative research, the role of the researcher, the use of various methods and the analysis of data (Sumner, 2006). However, qualitative research is often based upon interpretivism, constructivism and inductivism. It is concerned to explore the subjective meanings through which people interpret the world, the different ways in which reality is constructed (through language, images and cultural artifacts) in particular contexts. Social events and phenomena are understood from the perspective of the actors themselves, avoiding the imposition of the researchers own preconceptions and definitions. There is also often a concern with the exploration of change and flux in social relationships in context and over time (Sumner, 2006). The methods used in qualitative research, often in combination, are those which are open-ended (to explore participants interpretations) and which allow the collection of detailed information in a relatively close setting. These methods include depth interviewing, ethnography and participant observation, case studies, life histories, discourse analysis and conversational analysis. It is in the nature of qualitative research, with its emphasis on depth and detail of understanding and interpretation, that it is often small-scale or micro-level (Sumner, 2006). According to Glesne (2006), qualitative methods strive to understand some type of social phenomena through the perspectives of the individuals involved. Two major assumptions include a predisposition that reality is socially constructed and that the variables in a situation are highly complex, interwoven and difficult to measure. The purpose of such research is to contextualize, understand and interpret a situation. Typically, qualitative research begins with some type of inductive inquiry, resulting in a hypothesis or participant generated theory. The researcher is considered the main instrument in a setting that is as naturalistic as possible. The methods involved require a high level of descriptive writing and attention to detail. Moreover, a significant amount of time to collect and process the data is required. The researcher is directly involved with the research in a personal way. The various methodologies of qualitative inquiry allow a researcher to choose a strategy that is best suited for his or her purpose. Examples of qualitative research include ethnographies, grounded theory, case studies, phenomenologies and narratives (Designing a Qualitative Study, n.d.). Each methodology relies on specific protocols such as interviews, observations, content analysis, fieldwork, video and audio-taped transmissions, surveys or open-ended questionnaires. Data resulting from qualitative research should be thick in description, meaning that it go beyond surface explanation, expressing in-depth understanding not possible with quantitative methods. The methods of qualitative research are concerned with process, or how something occurs within the confines of the inquiry. The researcher constructs, analyzes and interprets data in a non-linear, non-chronological fashion (Szyjka, 2012). Participant Observation One of the most frequently used methods for qualitative data collection is participant observation, which is also one of the most challenging. It necessitates that the researcher become a member of the culture or context that is being observed. The literature on participant observation discusses how to penetrate the context, the function of the researcher as a participant, the compilation and storage of field notes, and the examination of field data. Participant observation frequently requires months or years of concentrated work because the researcher needs to become accepted as a normal part of the culture in order to guarantee that the observations are of the natural occurrences (Qualitative Methods, 2006). Advantages These include that it affords access to the backstage culture; it allows for richly detailed description, which they interpret to mean that ones goal of describing behaviors, intentions, situations, and events as understood by ones informants is highlighted; and it provides opportunities for viewing or participating in unscheduled events. It also improves the quality of data collection and interpretation and facilitates the development of new research questions or hypotheses (Kawulich, 2005). Disadvantages Disadvantages include that sometimes the researcher may not be interested in what happens out of the public eye and that one must rely on the use of key informants. Different researchers gain different understanding of what they observe, based on the key informant(s) used in the study. Problems related to representation of events and the subsequent interpretations may occur when researchers select key informants who are similar to them or when the informants are community leaders or marginal participants. To alleviate this potential bias problem, it has been suggested that pretesting informants or selecting participants who are culturally competent in the topic being studied (Kawulich, 2005). Direct Observation Direct observation is notable from participant observation in a number of ways. First, a direct observer doesnt characteristically try to become a participant in the environment. However, the direct observer does attempt to be as inconspicuous as possible so as not to prejudice the observations. Second, direct observation proposes a more disconnected perspective. The researcher is observing rather than taking part. As a result, technology can be a helpful part of direct observation. For example, one can videotape the occurrence or observe from behind one-way mirrors. Third, direct observation tends to be more centered on participant observation. The researcher is viewing certain sampled circumstances or people rather than trying to become engrossed in the complete context. Finally, direct observation tends not to take as long as participant observation. For example, one might observe interactions among people under specific conditions in a laboratory setting from behind a one-way mir ror, looking particularly for any nonverbal cues that are being used (Qualitative Methods, 2006). Advantages Simply observing people bypasses all the prob

Human Cloning :: miscellaneous

Human Cloning Science fiction authors have for many years instilled in us the fantastic idea of great armies of cloned men and women, fighting mindless battles for the betterment of human kind. Perfect beings created under the microscope of fantasy to accelerate the evolutionary process, a brave new world, of disease free and identical people. But is there truly an application for human cloning in our 21st century society? Some scientists argue that one could use the cloning process to grow a twin sister for a dying child to allow for an organ donor, a perfect match. A noble idea, if one values a human life as highly as cattle headed for a slaughter house. And what of the dangers involved? A few years ago the world’s eyes turned to the scientific presses, hot with the new discovery that cloning was possible. Dolly the sheep was born, the first successful case of cloning the scientific world had seen. But what we didn’t see is that there were 276 failures before the successful case was achieved. Are we willing to gamble 276 human lives for the research of a non – applicable science? The thought of a perfect being is intriguing. The model child with the blue eyes you never had and the perfectly straight – without having spent three hours in a salon – blond hair that everyone thinks you have. It seems a popular notion that once one genetic modification has been achieved, others will follow. And even if the technology for a bouncing blue eyed catalogue selection is only a gleam in the scientific eye, the possibility of having a three year old Britney Spears is conceivable. The excitement of this sentiment unfortunately masks the reality of it, in that creating a homogeneous race poses a real threat to freedom, the very essence of humanity. At this stage in the development of the cloning process, each cloned Being is viewed as a subject. Dolly was a media spectacle, a lost lamb under the millions of gawking eyes. If a human is cloned, it is highly unlikely that he or she will not be swept up into a similar fate. And under the eyes of the media, not to mention the person who funded the â€Å"subject†, that child will be forced to grow up under a rock of obligatory expectations. Every action and emotion could indeed be shaped and cultivated to suit the perceptions of an idealised person.

Is the Job in Fast-Food Restaurant Exploitative Essay

Exploitation is a term to describe person that are being mistreated. Karl Marx used it to explain the relationship between the capitalists and workers. It is claim that the value of a product is depended by how much labor has paid on it such as time, energy or ideas. Therefore the price of a product minus the cost and energy to produce a product or other sufficient usages should be equal to what a worker can earn. However, as the workers own nothing but their labor, they could only sell their labor to capitalists who own all other kinds of resources. Marx defined the value that capitalists take away from the workers as surplus value. It should be fair between â€Å"sellers† and â€Å"buyers†, but the capitalists refuse to pay a suitable amount of reward. In order to gain more profit, the capitalists would try as hard as they can to increase the surplus value, and lead to exploitation. In the paragraph below, I will first start with reason why Hong Kong fast food workers being exploited. Second I will focus on the current situation of exploitations in Hong Kong fast food restaurant. In addition, I will express my opinion on the implantation of minimum wage. It could only improve the situation of workers but could not solve the problem of exploitation. Reason for being exploited Workers in fast food shop is being exploited mainly because of the supply of workers is far more than the demand of job opportunities. In general, the jobs in fast food restaurant are independent to the education level. It is because most of the job opportunities in fast food restaurants are being simplified and divided clearly. With the aid of machines, almost everyone could do the job well; no specific skills are needed in fast food restaurants. Therefore this kind of jobs will depend much more on social skills such as communicate with customers, meaning that this kind of jobs is widely open to different types of people. In 2007, there are approximately 32,100 fast food restaurant employee, compare with unemployment workers of age group between 20 to 50, which is over 100,000 in 2007. It is obvious that the supply of potential workers is far more than the job opportunities. Since the workers lack of bargaining power, it means capitalists could heavily exploit and extract the surplus value from workers. In order to earn a living or at least subsidies the family, workers have no choice but to accept the offer from capitalists. Exploitation in Hong Kong fast food restaurant There are two sectors for capitalists to exploit the labors, first is low wage and long working hour , another would be on cutting employee welfare, and these two kinds of exploitations are common in fast food restaurant. It is terrified that the first aspect, low wage and long working hour, is a kind of norm in fast food industry. In before minimum wage launched, the average wage of fast food restaurant workers is extremely low, most of the fast food restaurant offer the workers with less than $20 per hour. Besides pay for a low wage to workers, long working hour and mechanized steps in the fast food industry also reflect exploitation on the workers. As the capitalists treat labor as a product, they want to use this product to gain profit as much and fast as it can. On one hand they reduce the wage of workers, on the other hand the want to increase the rate of getting reward. They therefore encourage their workers to work overtime. Since the wages are too low that workers can not even earn a living for their family, they must need to work longer to fulfill the needs. The research conducted by HKCTU in 2006 showed that the maximum working hour for fast food shop workers may up to 10 hours per day, but still they not earn enough for their family. Overtime working had already been proved that would lead to greater chance of getting heart attack. Capitalists sacrifice the lives of their workers to gain profits, which is created by workers. Exploitation can also be found on welfare. If there is a contract relationship between employer and employee, both of them should be protected by laws. However, the laws in Hong Kong show that it is unbalance. The laws protect the employer more than that of employee and it also leads to exploitation. There are some cases that the capitalists avoid to pay for the employee welfare that a workers should have by using loopholes in the laws. The current labor laws stated that for all employees that continuously working for 4 weeks and each of the weeks working for not less than 18 hours, he or she will be protected by the law and can enjoy the employee welfare. However, this law comes with a lot of loopholes that let the capitalists have room to avoid paying employee welfare, like force the workers stop working every 3 weeks. It becomes a characteristic in fast food industry because of its unbalance between supply and demand. The working hours of this kind of â€Å"short-term† workers may equal to long-term workers, but the worker will never receive the benefits form the welfare. This make the whole thing legal and the exploitation may continue. Some extreme cases even show that capitalists may act illegally to exploit the employee welfare. In 2009, the motorbike couriers from McDonald were discovered that they had forced to be self-employ, meaning that they do not have any paid holiday, insurance or any other employee welfare. It is rather on the edge but since the current labor laws is not strict enough to protect the employee and rather or not the company is abusing the self-employ scheme is hard to be proved, the problem still remain unsolvable. Implantation of minimum wage The minimum wage law could reduce the level of exploitation, but capitalists could develop new methods to exploit the workers. According the findings of HKCTU, the wage of fast food restaurant workers after the launched of minimum wage has been increased for 20% to 50%. It is also glad that some of the fast food restaurants such as Cafe de Coral and Fairwood paid for the dinning hours and provide paid holidays to their workers which are previously do not. They are good news for the workers, but when comparing to the current situation, it could only solve part of the problem of low wage, but the law still not protecting the welfare of workers, current labor laws still rely on â€Å"4-18 scheme†. In addition, in order to maintain the profits to balance the increase in wage, some of the fast food restaurants implant new machines to their fast food restaurants. It increases the rate of trading, meanings the rate of getting reward increase. Although the capitalists claim that the new machines will not cause any dismiss of workers, new machines further simplified the process in fast food restaurants. Lower the skills level for fast food restaurant jobs indicate that the bargaining power of workers will not increase but further slide down. The set up of minimum wage provide an index for capitalists to exploit. Now they can not reduce the wage of workers, but instead they exploit the workers with brand new ways. The form of exploitation has been change but does not mean that exploitation has disappeared. Conclusion In Hong Kong, the supply of labor is far more than the demand, causes the powerless situation of workers. In order to earn for their families, they could only be exploited. Minimum wage improves the current situation of labor, but could not solve the problem. The only way that balance the relationship between capitalist and workers, may rely on create new laws. If we need to solve the problem, the implant of minimum wage is the first step only.